{"id":7260,"date":"2012-06-22T00:00:30","date_gmt":"2012-06-22T00:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mekongmigration.org\/?p=1126"},"modified":"2012-06-22T00:00:30","modified_gmt":"2012-06-22T00:00:30","slug":"recent-changes-in-burma-and-their-implications-an-article-by-mmn-burma-action-group-published-in-migrants-network-solidarity-with-migrants-in-japan-no-150-june-2012","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mekongmigration.org\/?p=7260","title":{"rendered":"“Recent changes in Burma and their implications”, an article by MMN Burma Action Group, published in Migrants Network, Solidarity with Migrants in Japan, No. 150 June 2012"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Recent changes in Burma and their implications<\/h3>\n

Mekong Migration Network’s Burma Action Group[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Published in Migrants Network<\/em>, Solidarity with Migrants in Japan, No. 150 June 2012<\/p>\n

The recent political reforms in Burma have set the business pages abuzz, as transnational corporations seek to explore new investment opportunities. This article reviews these developments and argues that a rush to invest before adequate labour protection mechanisms are in place is likely to have a negative impact on wages and labour standards across Asia.<\/p>\n

Burma has been under military rule for much of its independence. Since 1997, the military government called itself the \u2018State Peace and Development Council’ (SPDC). The SPDC kept the country in isolation and were notorious for their abuse of human rights. This led to the imposition of sanctions from a number of Western countries. Despite Burma’s abundant natural resources, the country has suffered decades of economic mismanagement. With few employment opportunities and the regime’s brutal disregard for human rights, millions of Burmese have left the country to seek their livelihoods and\/or refuge abroad, with the majority settling in Thailand.<\/p>\n

In May 2008, in the midst of the tragedy of Cyclone Nargis, a referendum on a new constitution was held. In what is widely believed to have been a rigged ballot, it was announced that 92% supported the new constitution, while even more remarkably the turnout was held to have been more than 98%. The new constitution entrenches the role of the military and limits the role of independent political parties. In November 2010, a general election was held and the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP), a proxy for the SPDC unsurprisingly won the majority of seats and formed the government. Moreover, the new Constitution guarantees the military a quarter of seats in both lower and upper houses. The Constitution can only be amended with a 75% legislator majority, thus effectively blocking any challenge to revise the constitution and lessen the military’s role in government.<\/p>\n

Despite these limitations, a certain amount of positive reform has taken place under the new Parliamentary Government led by President Thein Sein. These include the release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and other political prisoners, revoking restrictive election laws, which has enabled Daw Suu Kyi to participate, enacting laws to allow the formation of trade unions, the right to strike and the right to demonstrate, halting the controversial China backed Myitsone hydro power dam, and reducing media censorship.<\/p>\n

The most symbolic event has been Daw Suu Kyi and her National League for Democracy’s (NLD) participation in the April 2012 bi-elections, which saw the NLD win 43 out of the 45 seats contested. Although this was widely welcomed as a step forward to achieving genuine democracy and gave hope to people of Burma, it is also important to note that the result gave the NLD a meagre portion of the total seats in parliament and it is yet to be observed how reforms will proceed to ensure that next general election scheduled in 2015 is fair and transparent.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, in response to these reforms, Western countries including USA, EU, and Australia are all easing or suspending sanctions. All the leaders have stated that they must see reforms continue and genuine commitment by the government for democracy before they are fully lifted.\u00a0 However they have not been shy to show their immediate business interest in Burma, visibly demonstrated by the UK Prime Minister David Cameron, who visited Burma accompanied by a ten member trade delegation.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Japan also considers Burma as one of the last Asian frontiers and is actively promoting investment there. In December 2011 and January 2012, the Japanese Foreign Minister as well as the Japanese Economic and Industry Minister visited Burma. In April 2012, Burma’s President Thein Sein visited Tokyo, where he and the Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda made a joint announcement that Japan had agreed to write off more than USD3.7 billion of debt and to resume development aid. Both parties also agreed to create a special economic zone near Rangoon.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ahead of these formal visits, Japan External Trade Organisation (JETRO) published a special article on the “Power of Newly Rising Mekong”, in which it analysed the potential of Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar (CLM), as new business frontiers. The article highlighted the strategic advantage of these countries due to low wages, and improved transport infrastructure. The JETRO study noted that the average monthly wage paid by Japanese companies to factory workers in Burma was reported to be just USD68, the lowest in the region and less than one quarter compared of the USD286 paid in Thailand.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

At the time of writing Burma’s hotels are full of business people looking for opportunities. The expected economic development and rush by many countries to promote investment have prompted the ASEAN Secretary-General Surin Pitsuwan to predict that Thailand has to prepare for losing two million Burmese migrants workers who will be attracted back to Burma once new industries open up.[5]<\/a> MMN’s position however is that such an exodus is unlikely. There are currently no mechanisms in place to secure workers’ rights, which may take years to develop. Although the working conditions faced by Burmese migrants in Thailand can be harsh, they are still far better than those in Burma. Moreover, wages in Burma are much lower than Thailand, and not sufficient to meet basic needs. As such, it is unlikely that Burmese migrants currently working in Thailand will rush to go back to Burma. It is far more likely that the establishment of new industrial zones will instead lead to an increase in rural-urban internal migration.<\/p>\n

While MMN is cautiously optimistic about the reforms taking place in Burma, a number of concerns remain. People living in major cities are now experiencing some degree of freedom, however little has changed for ethnic minorities living in rural areas controlled by the Burmese army. In 2011, a 17 year long ceasefire between the Burmese army and Kachin Independent Army (KIA) ended with a clash that has displaced an estimated 75,000 ethnic Kachins.[6]<\/a> Meanwhile the newly established National Human Rights Commission has yet to investigate a number of crimes committed against civilians in this conflict.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

As mentioned earlier, Burma has a long way to go before the impact of political changes are experienced in rural areas and before mechanisms are in place to protect workers’ rights. Ignoring such facts and rushing to take advantage of the changing political circumstances could have detrimental impacts on the people of Burma and possibly on workers in the region as a whole. It exacerbates the “race to the bottom” trend which could potentially suppress wages and labour standards across Asia.<\/p>\n

The challenges remain significant, but workers are taking pro active steps to mitigate the negative impact and contribute in development of the country. Burmese migrant workers’ groups and their advocates around the world are now seeing the importance of capacity building of migrant workers who may eventually return to Burma so they can be social actors strengthening labour movement and contribute in social changes. It is hoped that the advocates for Burmese workers and advocates monitoring the activities of multi-national cooperation including Japanese firms can strengthen their partnerships to exchange information and jointly strategise to bring about positive changes to people.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Mekong Migration Network (MMN) is a sub-regional network of 39 member NGOs and research academic institutes who are committed to promoting and protecting migrants’ rights in the Mekong region. MMN Burma Action Group (BAG) was established in March 2012 to monitor the impact of changes in Burma on labour and migration. Please contact Reiko Harima (reiko@mekongmigration.org), MMN Regional Coordinator, to inquire about the MMN or about this article.<\/a><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> The UK government stated that the trade delegation was in Burma not for trade mission but as tourists. Government Online, “David Cameron to take business leaders into Burma as tourists.” Available at http:\/\/www.government-online.net\/david-cameron-to-take-business-leaders-into-burma-as-tourists\/<\/a>[3]<\/a> BBC, “Japan to write off $3.7bn Burma debt”, 21 April 2012. Available at http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-17797910<\/p>\n

<\/a>[4]<\/a> JETRO, “Power of Newly Rising Mekong”, JETRO Censor Newsletter<\/em> (Japanese edition), p. 7, March 2011.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Bangkok Post, “Asean chief says Thailand must change: Myanmar reform puts new priority on skills”, 25 February 2012. Available at http:\/\/www.bangkokpost.com\/news\/local\/281469\/asean-chief-says-thailand-must-change<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Human Rights Watch, “Burma: Reforms Yet to Reach Kachin State”, March 2012. Available at www.hrw.org\/news\/2012\/03\/20\/burma-reforms-yet-reach-kachin-state<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> ibid<\/p>\n

Japanese Version<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u30d3\u30eb\u30de\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b \u6700\u8fd1\u306e\u8af8\u5909\u5316\u3068 \u305d\u306e\u542b\u610f<\/strong><\/h3>\n

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\n\u30d3\u30eb\u30de\u6d3b\u52d5\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7<\/p>\n

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MMN \u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u3053\u306e\u539f\u7a3f\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u554f\u3044\u5408\u308f\u305b\u306f\u3001MMN \u5730\u57df\u30b3\u30fc\u30c7\u30a3\u30cd\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u91dd\u9593\u793c\u5b50 (reiko@mekongmigration.org) \u307e\u3067\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Recent changes in Burma and their implications Mekong Migration Network’s Burma Action Group[1] Published in Migrants Network, Solidarity with Migrants in Japan, No. 150 June 2012 The recent political reforms in Burma have set the business pages abuzz, as transnational corporations seek to explore new investment opportunities. 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